The Elizabethan Eras Effect on Shakespeares Works

The Elizabethan Eras Effect on Shakespeares Works If every playwright in Shakespeares time aspired, as he did, to paint a portrait of an age in their works, his would have been the Mona Lisa, leaving the most lasting impression on generations to come and at the same time, one of the worlds most baffling mysteries. Surely it is no coincidence that the worlds most celebrated dramatist wouldve lived during the time when one of the worlds most powerful rulers in history reigned. Or was it? How much influence from the Elizabethan era was infused into Shakespeares plays? Especially since it was a time of religious reformation and fluctuating political relations, in which England was very much in the thick of. The events and†¦show more content†¦An English student from Calvin College writes that, Several themes that are only Catholic also can be incurred throughout his works. For example, Shakespeare, at times, used the word holy in the sacramental sense that Catholics used it. Characters in his plays showed devotion to various saints. They also blessed themselves with the sign of the cross. Shakespeare incorporated references to Purgatory into some of his plots†¦ [His] upbringing certainly came into play in his familiarity of these subject. (Brydon). It is true that Shakespeare did have all of those references and signs of Catholicism in his plays, it should also be remembered that what a playwright instills in his characters does not necessarily reflect wh at he himself believes. In any case, because the values and beliefs of the Protestant and Catholic religions were not extremely different, it would have been easy for Shakespeare to cater to both without showing any specific preference towards one or the other. Theologically speaking, they do have different doctrines and leaders, but in the context of Shakespeares plays, both religions have a God, Bible, and other foundational values. His play, Measure for Measure, is based on the themes of morals and justice. He sets his characters into contemplating some tough ethical issues, which could be applied to both Protestantism and Catholicism. Another studentShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of Female Characters1479 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the eras, literature has mirrored the social changes taking place in English society specifically in regards to gender roles of female characters. The Elizabethan era, which lasted from 1558 to 1603, is often referred to as the golden age by historians where many transitions in English society regarding marriage and gender took place (Ivic 110). It was a time in which wives were viewed as the property of their husbands (Ivic 110). However, every woman was expected to marry and be dependentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Elizabethan Era3177 Words   |  13 Pagesdisagreed with the Elizabethan society he lived in and with the concept of time. He found his society’s views unproductive and incorrect and he believed that time should not be a part of life, since it causes too much harm. His work showed how he viewed the concept of love and friendship and how someone cannot live his or her life properly without loving someone and being loved in return. Shakespeare’s worldview and the society he resided in become illuminated throughout his work, especially in his

Race, ethnicity, prejudice white Australia policy Essay

Contents _____________________________________________________________________ Part 1 Introduction What is Race? What is Ethnicity? What is Prejudice? What is Racism? Part 2 Introducing the ‘White Australia’ policy From White Australia to Multiculturalism Conclusion References This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part the concepts or race, ethnicity, prejudice and racism are defined and how they are connected is discussed. Part 2 of the paper looks at the ‘White Australia’ policy and why it was introduced. The impact of such a racist immigration history on contemporary Australia is also discussed in terms of attitudes and behaviours of the population.†¦show more content†¦What is racism? When we speak of race, ethnicity and prejudice we are intrinsically linking racism as well. Racism is prejudice taken another step further. In contrast to prejudice, racism is based on perceived cultural superiority, which is itself based on perceived genetic superiority (McConnochie et al, 1988). There are two forms of racism: individual and institutional. Individual racism involves one-on-one scenarios where racist attitudes are expressed based on a particular individuals belief towards another. For example, one person might be of the opinion that all Aboriginal’s are dirty, and therefore, be racist to an Aboriginal when they are walking down the street, at school or work. Institutional racism on the other hand is far broader in context and more complex. It refers to the ways in which racism has infiltrated into social institutions which govern, discriminate and oppress various groups within that society based on their race (McConnochie et al, 1988). These institutions within our societies, such as schools and healthcare services, use racism in a systematic manner which favours one group over all the others. Although racism as a notion is the same for both individual and institutional purposes, the consequences of the two are vastly different. Sociologists have argued that in the recent years racism has shifted from excluding groups on a biological basis, to more of a cultural basis of difference (Giddens, 2001; Van Krieken et al, 2010).Show MoreRelatedThe Side Measure Writing And Literacy, And Is Not Part Of Your Official Assessment2311 Words   |  10 Pagesside-measure intended to measure writing and literacy, and is not part of your official asses sment†¦ Part 1) Define Race: Race is used to characterise a large population of the human population into distinct groups in regards to characteristics surrounding appearance including bone structure, skin colour, height and hair colour (â€Å"Race (Human Classification)†, 2014). 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Australia has developed a strong culture of racism, caused by its long history of discrimination. Despite this a large majority of the population are in denial of its existence. The grim reality is that this bigotry is affecting all aspects of society including health, the economy, housing, unemployment rate and social unity. We must act, in order to decreaseRead MoreAustralian s Constitution : The Founding Political And Legal Document Of Our Nation1556 Words   |  7 PagesConstitution actually allows discrimination against the Indigenous people. Since Indigenous people are still not recognised in the Constitution there is growing support for the Constitution to be amended in order to recognise the Indigenous people of Australia. This issue involves our whole nation not only the Indigenous people and as such it is time to discuss the past, present and future as we begin to change the Constitution. Nationally efforts started in 2011 to have Aboriginal people recognised inRead MoreThe Diversity Of The Australian Curriculum972 Words   |  4 PagesAll students in education come from different backgrounds. Australia is a diverse, multicultural country with 44% of Australians born overseas or have one parent born overseas, Lawrence, Brooker, Goodnow, (2012, p. 75). Its diverse population is manifested in students who bring to class their ‘virtual bags,’ (Thomson, 2002), full of different cultures, languages, religious practices, value systems and customs which may alienate them from the dominant culture. Educators must create educational environmentsRead MoreEffects Of The Stolen Generation1740 Words   |  7 Pages1. The Stolen Generation explores the removal of Indigenous children from their families’ due to the ‘White Australian’ assimilation policies that were passed in motion by the federal government from 1909-1969 (Young, 2009). A psycholo gical trauma that I could not imagine going through by having a higher authority to remove me or any of my siblings away from my parents at such an early stage in life would leave not only myself but my whole family in distraught and feelings of emptiness due to theRead MoreStudents Come From Different Social And Cultural Backgrounds996 Words   |  4 PagesStudents come from different social and cultural backgrounds. Australia is a diverse, multicultural country with 44% of Australians born overseas or have one parent born overseas, Lawrence, Brooker, Goodnow, (2012, p. 75). In a diverse population students bring to class their â€Å"virtual schoolbags,† (Thomson, 2002), full of different cultures, languages, religious practices, value systems and customs which may alienate them from the dominant culture. Educators must create educational environmentsRead More3.How Do Comparisons Of Race And Ethnic Relations Among1919 Words   |  8 Pages3. How do comparisons of race an d ethnic relations among different countries around the world support the view that colonization is a major cause of inequality and conflict along the lines of race or ethnicity? Give examples of countries to support your argument. An obvious example of colonization as a major cause of inequality would be South Africa, South Africa before Mandela held a lot of the prejudicial law’s that made it difficult for the Black population on the country. What makes it moreRead MoreAustralian Films - Screening Responces3687 Words   |  15 PagesThe inability to adapt to frequent changes within society is what may have defined Australia as a nation, and led to the creation of a different national identity from its roots, of British colonization. Alas, during these political changes, Australia was a great conservative and Catholic nation, that believed in the dominance of white culture; Evident in their policies such as The White Australia policy and the policy of Assimilation. The use of real news footage reinforces the pre-existing national

Breaking DES (Data Encryption Systems) Free Essays

string(146) " In order to design a secure cryptosystems, there is a need for a mixture of well known principles, some theorems and the presence of some magic\." Data Encryption Standard (DES) is an algorithm for decrypting and encrypting unstipulated information in the United States administration standard. DES is derived from IBM’s Lucifer code and is depicted by the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 46, with its current modification being FIDS 46-3 (Conrad, 2007). DES is a mass code that takes a plaintext sequence as a key in and generates a code transcript wording of the same measurement lengthwise. We will write a custom essay sample on Breaking DES (Data Encryption Systems) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mass of the DES obstruct is 64 bits which is also the same for the input dimension even though the 8 bits of the key are for the recognition of faults making the efficient DES input amount 56 bits. Because of the progressions in the authority of dispensation in workstations there are weaknesses in the 56-bit key extent presently (Conrad, 2007). In the company of proper hardware, there is a best chance assault on methodical efforts to all the 72 quadrillion hence, there is a possibility of dissimilar inputs. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) developed into an innovative FIPS-standard encryption average in 2001, 26th November to replace DES. Statistics Encryption Algorithm explains the definite algorithm as contested to the average. In such circumstances, TDEA is a short form for Triple DES. At the same time, there is a description of Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation ANSI X9. 52-1998 (Clayton Bond, 2002). History of DES DES was proposed in 1975 and approved in 1977 as a federal information processing standard. It was criticized by the people who felt that it’s 56 key lengths to be insecure. In spite of this, DES remained a strong encryption algorithm until mid 1990. In the year 1998 summer, the insecurity of DES was demonstrated when a $ 250,000 computer which was built by the electronic frontier foundation decrypted a DES-encoded message in 56 hours. This was improved in the 1999 to 2002 hours through a combination of 100,000 networked personal computers and the EFF machine. DES remains a de facto standard unless a substitute is found (Landau, 2000, p. 341). A certified DES is obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) works in three key lengths: 128, 192, and 256 bits. The publication of DES indicated a new era in cryptography. The development in the community of public cryptographers was enhanced by having an algorithm availability of study that the national security agent certified to be secure (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The (DES) Data Encryption Standard A system that encrypts quickly but is essentially what is impossible to break is all what cryptographers have always wanted. Public key systems have captured the imagination of mathematicians because of their reliance on elementary number theory. Public key algorithms are used for establishing a key because they are too slow to be used for most data transmissions. Private key system does the encryption because they are typically faster than public key ones (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The data Encryption Standard (DES) workhorse uses private key algorithm besides relying on cryptographic design principles that predate public key. The RC4 in web browsers and the relatively insecure cable TV signal encryption are an exception to DES. DES is the most widely used public cryptosystem in the world. It is the cryptographic algorithm which is used by banks for electronic funds transfer. It is also used for the protection of civilian satellite communications. Still, a variant of DES is used for UNIX password protection. There are three operation of the DES which involves XOR, substitution and permutation. The DES is an interrelated block cipher and a cryptosystem on a block of symbols that sequentially repeats an internal function which is called a round. It encrypts data by the use of a primitive that operates on a block of symptoms of moderate size. Self invert ability is also essential to enable one of the objects to encrypt and decrypt. When encrypting ordinary text, DES begins by grouping the text into 64 bit block. A number of operations are performed by the DES on each block (Landau, 2000, p. 343). The transformation of how the block is to be carried out is determined by a single key of 56 bits. DES iterates sixteen identical rounds of mixing; each round of DES uses a 48-bit sub key. The DES begins with an initial permutation P and ends with its inverse. The permutations are of minor cryptographic implications but forms part of the official algorithm. The selection of sub keys starts by splitting the 56-bit key into two 28-bit halves and rotating each half one or two bits; either one bit in rounds 1, 2, 9, and 16 or two bits otherwise. The two halves are put back together and then 48 particular bits are chosen and put in order (Landau, 2000, p. 343). Attacks of DES The selection of DES was followed by protests in which case some of the researchers appeared to object to the algorithm small key space. Investors in the key public cryptography claimed that a DES encoded message could be broken in about a day by a $ 20 million machine made up of a million specially designed VLSI capable of searching one key per microsecond while working in parallel. The use of a meet in the middle attack to break a four round version of DES did not extend past seven rounds (Landau, 2000, p. 345). This is evidence that, for all these attacks none of them posed a serious threat to the DES. Other attacks on the DES were performed to poke harder to the innards of DES. This brought anomalies which led to the first attacks that were seen to be more theoretically better than exhaustive search. The attacks were against the block structure system and the need of all block-structured cryptosystems needed to be designed to be secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis. There is a strong attack to DES which is differential cryptanalysis. This is apparently known to the algorithms designers. In order to design a secure cryptosystems, there is a need for a mixture of well known principles, some theorems and the presence of some magic. You read "Breaking DES (Data Encryption Systems)" in category "Papers" Attacks on a cryptosystem fall into two categories which are passive attacks and active attacks. The passive attacks are the ones which adversely monitors the communication channel. They are usually easier to mount although they yield less. The active attacks have the adversary transmitting messages to obtain information (Landau, 2000, p. 342). The aim of the attackers is to determine the plaintext from the cipher text which they capture. A more successful attack will determine the key and thus compromise a whole set of messages. By designing their algorithms, cryptographer’s help to resist attacks such as cipher text only attack whose adversary has access to the encrypted communications. The known plain text attack which has its adversary has some plain text and its corresponding cipher text. The third attack which can be avoided is the chosen text attack and its adversary chooses the plain text for encryption or decryption. The plain text chosen by the adversary depends on the cipher text received from the previous requests (Landau, 2000, p. 342). Observations about DES The simplicity found in the DES amounts to some fully desirable properties. To start with it is the complementation. To illustrate, allow X to denote the bitwise complement of X. If C is the DES encryption of the plaintext P with key K, then P is the DES encryption of P with key K. In some cases the complementation can simplify DES cryptanalysis by basically cutting the investigating space in half. These properties do not cause serious weakness in the algorithm. The set generated by the DES permutations do not form a group. The group may have at least 102499 elements. There is strength in the DES when it lacks a group structure. It appears to be double encryption where this is twice by two different keys, EK2 (EK1 (P) and is not stronger than single encryption. The reason is that when meeting in the middle attacks for a given plaintext cipher text pair, an adversary will compute all 256 possible enciphering of the plaintext i. e. EKi (P), and indexes the same. The adversary will then compute all possible deciphering of the cipher text (Landau, 2000, p. 345). Models of DES There are four forms of DES, which are accepted by FIPS 81. They include (ECB) Electronic Codebook form, code mass sequence form (CFB), productivity reaction form (OFB) and system response (CFB). The forms are used to with both DES and Triple DES. Within each form, there are main dissimilarities which are based on the fault proliferation and obstruct vs. tributary codes (Conrad, 2007). Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode In this form of encryption, there is sovereign encryption into respective blocks of codes text. It is done by means of Feistel code which generates 16 sub-inputs derived from the symmetric input and also encrypts the plaintext using 16 surroundings of conversion. Similarly, the development is used in the conversion of code text reverse into simple text with the dissimilarity that, 16 sub inputs are contributed in overturn arrangement. The result of repeated blocks of identical plaintext is the repeated blocks of cipher text which is capable of assisting in the vault investigation of the code wording. In Appendix 1 there is an illustration of the result (Conrad, 2007). The first picture of SANS symbol is the bitmap layout. The second picture is the encrypted logo of SANS bitmap via DES ECB form. The visibility of the model is due to the recurring of masses of the simple wording pixels in the bitmap which are encrypted into masses which are repeated and are of particular code pixels. In this form, faults do not proliferate due to the autonomous encryption of each obstruct. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode The CBC form is an obstruct code which XORs every original obstruct of simple wording with the previous block of code wording. This indicates that repeated obstructs of simple wording do not give rise to repeated obstructs of code wording. CBC uses a vector of initialization which is an arbitrary original obstructs used to make sure that two simple wordings result in different code wordings. In figure 2 of the Appendix there is a clear illustration of the same SANS symbol bitmap data, encrypted with DES CBC form. There is no visibility of any prototype which is true for all DES forms apart from ECB. Therefore, in this mode, there is proliferation of faults as each prior step’s encrypted output is XORed with the original obstructing of simple wording (Conrad, 2007). Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode The Cipher Feedback Mode is a tributary code that encrypts simple wording by breaking into X (1-64) bits. This permits encryption of the level of byte or bits. This mode uses an arbitrary vector of initialization. The preceding elements of code wording are XORed with consequent components of code wording. Therefore, in this mode of CBC there is proliferation of faults (Conrad, 2007). Output Feedback (OFB) Mode Similar to CFB form, the productivity reaction form makes use of the vector of random initialization and also encrypts simple wording by shattering downward into a tributary by encrypting components of X (1-64) bits of simple wording. This form fluctuates from CFB form by generating a simulated-arbitrary tributary of productivity which is XORed with the plaintext during every step. Therefore, the productivity is fed back to the simple wording and because the output is XORed to the simple wording, faults there is no proliferation of mistakes (Conrad, 2007). Counter (CTR) Mode The oppose form is a tributary code similar to OFB form. The main disparity is the accumulation of contradict obstructs. The offset can be supplementary to an arbitrary importance that is used only once and then increased for each component of simple wording that is encrypted. The initial counter obstructs acts as a vector of initialization. Therefore, in each surrounding there is XORing of the offset obstructs with simple wording. Accumulation of offset obstructs permits disintegration of encryption into equivalent phases, improving presentation on a suitable hardware. There is no proliferation of mistakes (Clayton Bond, 2002). (Table 1 in the Appendix summarizes the Data Encryption Standard). Triple DES (T DES) In anticipation of 2030, TDES can be used as FIPS encryption algorithm which is permitted in order to allow conversion to AES. There are three surroundings of DES which are used by TDES which have an input extent of 168 bits (56 * 3). There is a possibility of reduced effective key length of TDES to roughly 12 bits though beast might assaults against TDES re not realistic at present (Conrad, 2007). Architecture for Cryptanalysis All modern day practical ciphers both symmetrical and asymmetrical make use of security apparatus depending on their key length. In so doing, they provide a margin of security to cover from computational attacks with present computers. Depending on the level of security which is chosen for any software application, many ciphers are prone to attacks which unique machines having for instance a cost-performance ratio (Guneysu, 2006). Reconfigurable computing has been recognized as way of reducing costs while also acting as an alternative to a variety of applications which need the power of a custom hardware and the flexibility of software based design such as the case of rapid prototyping (Diffie Hellman, 1977, pp. 74-84). What this means is that cryptanalysis of today’s cryptographic algorithms need a lot of computation efforts. Such applications map by nature to hardware based design, which require repetitive mapping of the main block, and is easy to extend by putting in place additional chips as is needed. However, it should be noted that the mere presence of resources for computation is not the main problem. The main problem is availability of affordable massive computational resources. The non-recurring engineering costs have enabled hardware meant for special purpose cryptanalysis in virtually all practicable situations unreachable. This has been unreachable to either commercial or research institutions, which has only been taken by government agencies as feasible (Diffie Hellman, 1977, pp. 74-84). The other alternative to distributed computing with loosely coupled processors finds its base on the idle circles of the large number of computers connected through the internet. This method has considerably been successful for some applications. However, the verified detection of extraterrestrial life is considerably still a problem more so for unviable problems with power of computing in a particular organization (Guneysu, 2006). In cryptanalysis some algorithms are very suitable for special-purpose hardware. One main example for this is the search for the data encryption standard (DES) (FIPS, 1977). What this means is that a brute- force attack is more than twice the magnitude faster when put in place on FPGA’s as opposed to in software on computers meant for general purposes at relatively the same costs (FIPS, 1977). That notwithstanding, for many crypto algorithms the advantages due to cost-performance of hardware meant for special purposes over those meant for ordinary purposes is not really as dramatic as is usually the case of DES, more so for public-key algorithms (Guneysu, 2006). Arising from the advent of low-cost FPGA families with much logic approaches recently, field programmable gate arrays offer a very interesting way for the thorough computational effort which cryptanalysis needs (Lesnsta Verheul, 2001, pp. 255-293). Many algorithms dealing with the most important problems in cryptanalysis is capable of being put in place on FPGAs. Code breaking though, requires more additional efforts as opposed to just programming a single FPGA with a certain algorithm (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 1998). Owing to the enormous perspectives of cryptanalysis problems, many more resources as opposed to FPGA are needed. This implies that the main need is massively powerful parallel machinery suited to the requirements of targeted algorithms. Many problems are capable of being put in parallel and are perfectly suited for an architecture distributed. Conventional parallel architectures for computing can theoretically be used for applications of cryptanalysis (Guneysu, 2006). An optical Architecture to Break Ciphers The targeted DES brute force attack has several characteristics. To begin with, expensive computational operations which are put in parallel. Next, there is no need of communication between single parallel instances. The next characteristic is the fact that the general expense for communication is not high owing to the fact that the stage of computation strongly outweighs the data input and output stages. According to Blaze et al, (1996), communication is almost entirely used for results reporting as well as initialization. A central control instance with regards to communication is capable of being accomplished by a conventional low cost personal computer, connected simply by an interface. This would imply that there is no need for a high-speed communication interface. The fourth characteristic is the fact that a DES brute-force attack and its following implementation require little memory. The final consequence of the above is the fact that the available memory on present day low cost FPGAs is sufficient (Guneysu, 2006). What this implies is that by making use of low-cost FPGAs, it is possible to develop a cost effective dynamic architecture which is capable of being reprogrammed which would be able to accommodate all the targeted architectures (Blaze et al, 1996). Realization of COPACOBANA Drawing back, the Cost-Optimized Parallel Code Breaker (COPACOBANA) meeting the needs available comprise of several independent-low prized FPGAs, connected to a hosting PC by way of a standard interface such as a USB. Moreover, such a standard interface permits to extend a host-PC with more than one device of COPACOBANA. The initialization of FPGAs, the control as well as the process of results accumulation is carried out by the host. Critical computations are carried out by the FPGAs, which meet the actual cryptanalytical architecture (Schleiffer, 2006). Developing a system of the above speculations with FPGA boards which are commercially available is certainly possible but at a cost. Therefore it is important to put into considerations the design and layout among others in coming up with the above kind of system (Schleiffer, 2006). This would therefore mean that our cost-performance design meant for cost optimization is only capable of being achieved if all functionalities are restricted to those required for code breaking. Arty the same time, many designs choices should be based on components and interfaces which are readily available (Guneysu, 2006). Conclusion In conclusion, cryptanalysis of symmetric and asymmetric ciphers is extremely demanding in terms of computations. It would be fair to hold the belief that breaking codes with conventional PCs as well as super-computers is very much costly. Bit-sizes of keys should be chosen in a way that traditional methods of code breaking do not succeed (Rouvroy et al 2003, pp. 181-193). This would mean that the only way to go through ciphers is to develop special-purpose hardware purposely meant for suitable algorithms. In the final analysis, traditional parallel architecture in the end equally appears to be too complicated and therefore not cost saving in finding solutions to cryptanalytical problems. As earlier observed, many of these problems can easily be put in parallel implying that the algorithms which correspond to them are equally capable of being parameterized to lower communication costs (Guneysu, 2006). A hardware architecture which is cost effective (COPACOBANA) is the end product of the algorithmic requirements of the intended problems of cryptanalysis. This work represents not only the design but also the first prototype of an effective design which meets the demands of the request. In the final analysis, COPACOBANA would be able to accommodate as many as 120 FPGAs which are less costly. At the same time, it is possible to break data encryption standard (DES) within a period of nine days. This would require a hardware design comprising of reprogrammable logic which could be adopted to accommodate any task, even those not necessarily in line with code breaking (Rouvroy et al 2003, pp. 181-193). References Blaze, M.. , Diffie, W. , Rivest, R. L. , Scheiner, B. , Shimomura, E. , and Weiner, M (1996). Minimal Key Lengths for Symmetry Ciphers to Provide Adequate Commercial Security. Ad Hoc Group of Cryptographers and Computer Scientists. Retrieved from December, 13, 2008 from http://www. counterpane. com/keylength. html. Clayton, R. and Bond, M. (2002). Experience Using a Low-Cost FPGA Design to Crack DES Keys. In B. S. Kaliski, C. K. Koc Cetin, and C. Paar, editors, Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems – CHES 2002, 4th International Workshop, Redwood Shores, CA, USA,volume 2523 of series, pages 579 – 592. Springer-Verlag. Conrad, E. (2007). Data Encryption Standard, The SANS Institute Diffie, W Hellman, M. E. (1977). Exhaustive cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard. Computer, 10(6): 74-84 Electronic Frontier Foundation. (1998). Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Poolitics Chip Design. O’Reilly Associates Inc. Federal Information Processing Standard. (1977). Data Encryption Standard, U. S Department of Commerce. Guneysu, T. E. (2006). Efficient Hardware Architecture for Solving the Discrete Logarithm Problem on Elliptic Curves. AAmasters thesis, Horst Gortz Institute, Ruhr University of Bochum. Landau, S. (2000). Standing the Test of Time: The Data Encryption Standard vol. 47, 3, pp. 341-349. Lenstra, A and Verheul, E. (2001). Selecting Cryptographic Key Sizes. Journal of Cryptology, 14(4):255–293. Rouvroy, G. , Standaert, F. X. , Quisquater, J. , and Legat, D. (2003). Design Strategies and Modified Descriptions to Optimize Cipher FPGA Implementations: Fast and Compact Results for DES and Triple-DES. In Field-Programmable Logic and Applications- FPL, pp. 181-193 Schleiffer, C. (2006). Design of Host Interface for COPACOBANA. Technical report, Studienarbeit, Host Gortz Institute, Ruhr University Bochum How to cite Breaking DES (Data Encryption Systems), Papers

Positive and Negative Impacts Of Tourism Free-Samples for Students

Question: Evaluate six sources three academic journal articles published between 2000 and 2016, and threenon-academicwhich relate to Positive or Negative Impacts of tourism and your study location. Answer: Community involvement in tourism in Nepal Nyaupane, G.P., Morais, D.B. and Dowler, L., 2006. The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China.Tourism management,27(6), pp.1373-1385. This author talks about the involvement of the local community in the tourism sector in Nepal. The article also talks about the cultural and environmental impacts of tourism and further explores the interaction of the local community and the tourists. The article talks about the impact of tourism on the local community which helps in our assignment by providing insights of the impacts of tourism. Conservation of tourist attraction by the local community Bajracharya, S.B., Furley, P.A. and Newton, A.C., 2005. Effectiveness of community involvement in delivering conservation benefits to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal.Environmental Conservation,32(03), pp.239-247. The author talks about conservation of tourist attraction which tourists come to see hence enable the country generate income. The article mainly addresses conservation efforts in the country which is our main area of concern. The article is significant to our assignment because it provide information on the tourists attractions in Nepal. Positive and negative impacts of tourism Archer, B., Cooper, C. and Ruhanen, L., 2005. The positive and negative impacts of tourism.Global tourism,3, pp.79-102. The author has researched deep into positive and negative impacts tourism has in countries, some of these impacts are common across the board. This article is significant to our assignment because it gives us an understanding of impacts of tourism in a country. Using this article I likely to give us information needed to understand the effects of tourism to a country. Non-academic sources Role of stake holder in tourism and development Holden, A., 2010. Exploring stakeholders' perceptions of sustainable tourism development in the Annapurna Conservation Area: Issues and challenge.Tourism and The article talks about the role of the stakeholder in the impact the tourism has made in the country especially in Pokhara. The article dwells into strategies and measures stakeholders put in place to mitigate negative impacts tourism creates. This article is useful because it focuses on our area of study which is impacts of tourism in Nepal. Tourism in Nepal Bhandari, K., 2004. Nepalese tourism: Crisis and beyond Nepal's endeavor for tourism recovery.Tourism (13327461),52(4). The author introduces the reader to Nepal, the article further talks about some of the features attracting tourists to the country. The author also tells us how the country handles crisis in the management of tourism activities and recovery options in a crisis situation. Tourism management is a big challenge to many countries and managing crisis in the tourism sector is not an easy task. The article is useful because it gives us insights into crisis occurring in the tourism sector which impacts negatively or positively. Sustainable planning and development in the tourism sector Churugsa, W., McIntosh, A.J. and Simmons, D., 2007. Sustainable tourism planning and development: Understanding the capacity of local government.Leisure/Loisir,31(2), pp.453-473. The author shows us the impact which tourism planning and development has had in Nepal and other countries. The article provide a way of managing our tourism attraction by providing a blue print of management practices. The article is important because it gives us a glimpse of the impacts these management practices has had on the tourism sector and how these practices have impacted on tourism in Pokhana Nepal. Positive impacts of tourism in Pokhara Nepal Tourism for a long time has been known to bring with it certain advantages to host nations, for instance, tourism is a source of global amity, peace, and understanding (Karanth 2012), p372-386. Tourism helps the host societies develop positive attitudes towards the tourists visiting their countries for instance in this case Nepal. The interaction between the people of Pokhara and tourists has led to the two parties learning about each others cultures and customs (Archer et al 2005, p80). Moreover, Friendships are developed, and revenue is generated in Pokhara which improves the living standards in the country. There is increased developed in infrastructure as witnessed in the city which is attributed to the massive influx of tourists in Pokhara. Visitors bring with them information about the outside world; this enables the residents of Pokhara and Nepal at large to learn about the details of the outside world without necessarily leaving the home country. The tourists, on the other hand, are able to learn about the unique cultures in Pokhara. Infrastructure improvements in the state involve improvement in healthcare facilities, learning institution and internet provisions. The local culture in Pokhara Nepal which is the main attraction of tourists in the area has helped the country preserve its local traditions and handicrafts which would have been extinct if not preserved. Pokhara Nepal Pokhara is the largest city in Nepal by area and the most expensive in the country. The city is also referred to as the tourism capital of the country. Geographically, the city lies on an old trade route between India and China (Dahal, 2012). This paper discusses some of the important tourism attractions and the impact tourism has made in the area and the development of tourism in the region. The paper goes further to look at what makes Pokhara attractive to tourists while analyzing the number of tourists trickling in the area. There are significant reasons as to why tourists flock Pokhara; the city is considered to be heaven in the world. There are a lot of destinations to visit in Nepal, Pokhara being on top of the list. Pokhara is a valley with a beautiful scenery and is readily accessible via air and road from Kathmandu and the border of India, Sunauli. From Kathmandu, you can make it to Pokhara in six hours via road and 25 minutes by flight. Upon arrival at this scenic valley, the magnificent view of the peaks of the Himalayan Mountains is welcoming (Bhusal 2014, p12). You can go on a boat ride on the calm waters of Phewa and the lake of Begnas or hike for days in the hills which are just nearby if you have time. The Begnas Lake which is located 12 kilometers east of the city offers a retreat due to it being secluded from the masses. Fishing, hiking, and boating activities are very vibrant in this area. In the unspoiled forest land lies the Begnas Lake Resort. The resort has its accommodation rooms bui lt on the rice terraces and situated near the shores of great tranquil waters. Contemporary Issues of Tourism in Nepal The tourism industry is one of the vibrant and fast growing sectors across the globe. Tourism holds the key to economic empowerment, the creation of jobs and alleviating poverty to a majority of the population (Nyaupane Poudel 2011, pp1373-1385). However, despite the industry having these potential, the developing nations are yet to realize the full benefits of tourism. In South Asia for instance, the market share is still low at 1.1 percent compared to that of Europe which stands at 53.6 percent (Hall Page 2012). The economy of Nepal has a huge potential for the tourism sector. The industry is properly developed through forward, and backward linkages can provide hope to other neglected sectors of the society and the citizens in underdeveloped areas (Bhandari 2004, p52). In Pokhara advancements in tourism is becoming is continuously becoming more relevant because the state is now engaged in formulating strategies for socio-economic growth, social transformation, economic empowerment progress and the countries prosperity. New structures developed by the state have introduced new implications regarding opportunities and challenges which exist in all economic sectors of the nation including tourism. In the beginning, the growth of tourism in the region was not admirable. The recent trends, however is encouraging. The number of visitors arriving in the area increased significantly until the fluctuations began between 1992 and 1999. The sector recorded a boom between the year 2000 and 2002. The region witnessed significant growth in tourism while recording numbers of close to a million in 2007. Despite the instability seen in Nepal over the last ten years, the number of tourists visiting the region is still high in the range of more than half a million every single year( Gautam 2011, pp18-30). In Nepal tourism is an indispensable sector. The sector is given first priority as it is backed by the resources which are unprecedented. The countrys budget in this fiscal year has given tourism the highest priority to enable developments in infrastructure so as to achieve a revolutionary change in the sector (Jones 2013). The sectors development is now an integral part of the countrys economic development policy. The country has been involved in formulating tourism policies with the intentions of asserting vital contributions in alleviating the poverty especially in the rural areas through tourism diversification. Realization of the role the national flight carrier plays in the development of tourism in the country has made the government commit to ensure financing for strengthening the airlines (Sharma 2012, pp73-92). The country development agenda in the sector is an ongoing three year plan which emphasizes on the development of tourism in the region in line with the disciplines of the sector requirements in general. The plan also includes developing human resources and standards for hospitality. Policy Implications to achieve sustainable tourism outcomes in Pokhara Nepal Implementation of policies is always a key issue for close to all the public policies put in place in the country, tourism is not unique either. Lack of institutions with the capacity to implement these policies for a long time has been a factor when it comes to implementing policies in tourism sector (Nyaupane et al 2006, pp1373-1385). The government has put aside significant amounts of money through its budgeting department to help and enable institutions tasked with implementing policies have enough resources to do their mandate. Competition in the tourism sector is very vibrant across the globe. This is even more visible especially during the financial turbulence. The tourism competitiveness report of 2009 shows the country to be at the bottom of the tourism index (Churugsa et al 2007, pp453-473). The region is witnessing significant improvements in infrastructure and information technology supported by the government to achieve competitiveness. This is in a bid to make Nepal compete with its neighbors in the tourism industry. Coping with climate change. Tourism is a climate-sensitive sector. It is connected to the climate and the environment. The sector is also vulnerable to the effects of the changes in climate and is also a contributor to the climate change. Through its environment department, the country has come up with policies which guide on carbon emissions and environmental conservation to ensure Pokhara preserves its natural heritage (Bajracharya 2005, pp239-247). According to Holden, In Nepal, the tourism policies developed are aimed at empowering the locals in terms of being economically stable (2010). The government supports local populations through marketing the local products such as the baskets and necklaces being made by the people. References Archer, B., Cooper, C. and Ruhanen, L., 2005. The positive and negative impacts of tourism.Global tourism,3, pp.79-102. Bajracharya, S.B., Furley, P.A. and Newton, A.C., 2005. Effectiveness of community involvement in delivering conservation benefits to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal.Environmental Conservation,32(03), pp.239-247. Bhandari, K., 2004. Nepalese tourism: Crisis and beyond Nepal's endeavor for tourism recovery.Tourism (13327461),52(4). Bhusal, N.P., 2014. 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